John Henry Taylor is rightly regarded as a golfing pioneer. He was one of the best golfers of his era then played a significant role in shaping the way that the game is now played. Born into an ordinary, working class family in Devon, his father passed away when he was only eleven years of age, forcing him to leave school in favour of paid employment.

He worked as a mason’s labourer and as a gardening assistant to Horace Hutchinson, who won a couple of Amateur Championships and was one of the earliest writers on golf architecture and golf instruction. He also caddied at nearby Westward Ho! which was where he learned to play the game.

Taylor turned professional in 1890 and served a number of clubs – Burnham & Berrow, Royal Winchester and Royal Wimbledon – over the following decade before moving to Royal Mid-Surrey in Richmond, where he served the club for almost half a century, from 1899 until he retired in 1946.

It was while he was at Royal Mid-Surrey that he experimented (along with greenkeeper Peter Lees who had worked at Royal Burgess) in ‘alpinization’ of the property, using horses and hundreds of men to dig out mountains of earth in order to fashion some creative contouring on a landscape that was pancake-flat.


He became the first Englishman to win the Open at Royal St George’s in 1894 and he would go on to become the Champion Golfer at this event another four times. He also triumphed in the French Open a couple of times (1908 and 1909) and the German Open in 1912.

Taylor travelled to the United States with 

 in 1900 to compete in the US Open at Chicago Golf Club, playing a series of exhibition matches around the country before the competition got under way. Vardon then sailed back to Britain with the winner’s cheque in his pocket after winning the event by two strokes from Taylor.

The following year, he co-founded the British Professional Golfers’ Association, becoming its first chairman. He was also instrumental in the formation of the Artisan Golfers’ Association through his membership of Northam, which is still one of more than sixty clubs affiliated to that national organization.

Taylor was still competing at the top level up until the start of the Great War – his last Open Championship win came in 1913 – so his early design work wasn’t exactly prolific. He did make regular trips to Dornoch and it’s said he consulted there free of charge on the course alterations made by the club secretary John Sutherland.

Taylor visited another Scottish course in 1914, making another long journey down the Kintyre peninsula to Machrihanish to make modifications to the Championship course. He also designed several courses in England before the onset of World War I and one of these layouts, the Upper course at Hainault Golf Club in Essex, is regarded as the first municipal course in England.

 teamed up formally with J.H. Taylor in 1922 – though they had worked on several projects before the war – and they were soon busy all over the British Isles. They remodelled Royal Porthcawl in Wales (adding four new holes in 1925), built new courses at Arklow and Rosslare in Ireland (in 1927 and 1928), and redesigned the layout at Royal Birkdale in 1932.

Both Taylor and Hawtree were strong proponents of public golf – jointly founding the National Association of Public Courses in 1927 – and they put their philosophy of “golf for all” into practice by constructing well-regarded public layouts such as Norwich Municipal, Marston Green Municipal and White Webbs Municipal.

“Spanning in excess of thirty-five years, Taylor’s design career was extensive,” writes Keith Cutten in his book 

. The author continues: “Over this period, his views on design changed, including an evolving philosophy on bunkers and hazard features. It led to the eventual introduction of the feature now commonly referred to as ‘Mid-Surrey mounding’.

Taylor lamented the loss of the cross-bunker. His argument, which was endorsed by his long-time friend Horace Hutchison, was that no feature is entirely good or bad; but that it can be simply overused. Eliminating a feature entirely from one’s ‘toolbox’ limits the variety available in the final design.”

 by Geoff Cornish and Ron Whitten: “J. H. Taylor, one of British golf’s ‘Great Trimuvirate,’ originally trained as a gardener at the boyhood home of Horace Hutchinson.

Taylor had little formal education, having left school by age eleven, but he was an avid reader and insisted on writing his memoirs 

, without the assistance of a ghost writer.”


From the World Golf Hall of Fame: “It was the legendary Scotsman, Andrew Kirkcaldy, who first saw the greatness in John Henry Taylor. After losing a challenge match to Taylor in 1891, Kirkcaldy went back to St. Andrews and predicted that the young Englishman who just defeated him would win many Open Championships. ‘You’ll see more of Taylor,” he said. “And then you’ll know why he beat me, and why he will beat all the best of the day.’

Kirkcaldy proved to be right, of course. Three years after defeating Kirkcaldy, he became the first Englishman to win the Open. Taylor captured five British Opens, joining Harry Vardon and 

 to form the Great Triumvirate. ‘The mon’s a machine,’ Kirkcaldy said. ‘He can dae naething wrang.’

Taylor took the game seriously, and once wrote: ‘To try to play golf really well is far from being a joke, and lightheartedness of endeavor is a sure sign of eventual failure.’ Bernard Darwin, who was a close friend, recalled that nobody, not even Bobby Jones, suffered more over championships than Taylor did. ‘Like Bobby,’ said Darwin, ‘(Taylor) had great control and might appear outwardly cool, but the flames leaped up from within.’

Taylor’s final years were spent in his native village of Northam overlooking Westward Ho! enjoying the view he called “the finest in Christendom.” His death in 1963 just short of his 92nd birthday marked the passing of the last of the great golfers from the 19th century.”

 by Forrest Richardson and Mark Fine: “In the span of just a few years, the concept of alpinization went from being admired to being shunned. Taylor’s abrupt mounds and their artificial look were thought of as hideous and revolting. Taylor, who had been quoted during his Mid-Surrey effort as saying ‘it should be made to look as close to nature as the hand of man admits,’ is still shunned today.

Many critics continue to describe his work as a failure – unnatural and unnecessary. But Taylor’s laboratory at Mid-Surrey forever gave golf a major breakthrough. The notion that Taylor failed is without merit. Although the result of alpinization at first was too abrupt and overdone, it opened the door to thinking beyond the use of bunkers as hazards. Taylor taught us to think outside the box when it comes to mixing golf with inland sites.”

Divine Fury of James Braid: Professional Golf Standard Bearer

 by George E. Payne: “Taylor was instrumental in the creation of the PGA. Being outspoken and a competent public speaker, many believed he would have made an excellent politician. Braid, never at ease when it came to public speaking, played a major role behind the scenes and when the organisation was formed in 1901 Taylor became Chairman and Braid the first Captain. Both men served the organisation for the rest of their lives.

Similarities between the two continued: five (Open) Championships each, neither owned nor drove a car, neither was a heavy drinker and eventually neither smoked although they both liked a pinch of snuff. Both of them served their final club as professional for 47 years. Both of them, at different times, had a relationship with Hawtree as the constructor of the courses which they had designed. The R&A bestowed Honorary memberships on both at the same time.”

It was through his inter-war partnership with Fred G. Hawtree that Taylor involved himself in a greater number of design commissions. Although Hawtree did the bulk of the design work, they both were involved in the layout and detailed design work. At Hartsborne Golf Club, for instance, they shared the detailed design responsibilities by taking nine holes each. EIGCA.

J. H. Taylor

J. H. Taylor is rightly regarded as a golfing pioneer. The five-time Open champion was one of the best golfers of his era, he then played a significant role in shaping the way that the game is now conducted.

Hawtree is the longest continuous practice of golf course construction and design on record. Started by Frederick George Hawtree in 1912, the firm was then operated by his son 

Grandfather Fred Hawtree’s involvement with golf saw him start out as a greenkeeper at Sundridge Park in Surrey and it was here in November 1910 that 

 suggested a program of revisions to the course which had been laid out seven years earlier by 

James Braid and his Four Hundred Golf Courses

 by John F. Moreton and Iain Cumming, “Braid made ‘substantial alterations to three holes’ and added forty eight bunkers which Fred Hawtree put in place, their first and not last collaboration.”

The two men worked together again in 1912 on a new layout at Croham Hurst Golf Club, eight miles to the southwest of Sundridge Park, with 

 reporting that the new course would have greens on “absolutely modern lines and bunkers like fortifications, all under the joint supervision of James Braid and F Hawtree.”

After serving with the Army during World War I, Fred worked on his own for a short while before teaming up with 

, another member of the “Great Triumvirate,” in 1922. In 

by Geoff Cornish and Ron Whitten, the authors describe this partnership as follows:

“Hawtree was responsible for the day-to-day details and design work, while Taylor handled early interviews with clients and appeared at official openings. At one time Hawtree had four highly regarded Irish foreman (Regan, Ryan, Brick and Ward) working under him.”

All told, around fifty layouts were built and another fifty redesigned up until the end of the 1930s. Both men were strong advocates of public golf – jointly founding the National Association of Public Golf Courses in 1927 – and they practiced what they preached by building courses like Norwich Municipal, Martson Green Municipal and White Webbs Municipal.

In 1931, Fred funded and rebuilt Addington Court, a 27-hole layout which was the first privately owned public course in Britain and this facility would serve as the firm’s base for the next half a century until it was eventually sold to new owners.

The company’s most notable project was the 1932 remodelling of Royal Birkdale. Bernard Darwin commented as follows In his book, 

: “J.H. Taylor was the architect and he has unquestionably made of Birkdale a ‘big’ course on which it is good fun to see the big men stretch themselves.” They also ventured abroad on several occasions, constructing new courses at Bastad in Sweden, Lisbon in Portugal and Lake Maggiore in Italy.

Hawtree’s son, Frederick William Hawtree, joined the company after graduating from university in 1938 but he would spend the first half of the following decade in Indonesia during World War II, before returning to work with his father.

The two men then co-designed courses at places such as Hartsbourne in 1946, Dyke in 1947 and Maxstroke Park in 1948 until Frederick George passed away at the age of seventy-two in 1955, leaving his son to carry on the business.

Photo of Fred G. Hawtree (right) and J.H. Taylor (left).

“Hawtree was responsible for the day-to-day details and design work, while Taylor handled early interviews with clients and appeared at official openings." Geoff Cornish and Ron Whitten

Fred G. Hawtree

Hawtree is the longest continuous practice of golf course architecture on record. Started by F.G. Hawtree in 1912, the firm was then operated by his son F.W. until grandson Martin Grant took over.

Bedfordshire

England

The course was originally part of the Clapham Park estate which was farmed by Lancelot Clark and he would invite friends round to play golf with him, using roughly cut greens that were wired off from grazing sheep.

A 9-hole course was opened in April 1912 with a 36-hole exhibition match, and one of the participants was Scottish amateur Charles MacFarlane, who took part in the England-Scotland Amateur Match at Royal North Devon that same year.

MacFarlane then set out a new 18-hole course which was called the Mid Bedfordshire Golf Course and this opened with another exhibition match in May 1913 involving MacFarlane and another Scotsman, George Duncan, who would go on to win the Open in 1920.

On 26 April 1923, the course re-opened after it had been redesigned by J. H. Taylor and Fred G. Hawtree and the new layout also saw the introduction of bunkers for the first time. Three years later, the club changed hands, becoming Bedford & County Golf Club.

During World War II, holes 6 to15 were requisitioned for agricultural use and it wasn’t until June 1952 that the full 18-hole layout was brought back into play. Since then, drainage has been improved and tees extended to promote all-year usage of the course.

Today, the course extends to 6,420 yards, playing to a par of 70, with tree-lined fairways, strategically-placed bunkers and manicured greens challenging golfers of all handicaps. A brook can catch the unwary as it wanders through the 7th, 10th, 11th and 15th – with the last of these holes regarded as one of the toughest par fours in the county.


Bedford & County

Millbrook Golf Club

Britain & Ireland

Bedford & County Golf Club is set in mature woodland and is routed across undulating ground. Established in 1912 it’s one of the finest courses in the county.